Sergey L. Rubinstein (1889-1960) S.L.Rubinstein was born in Odessa on June 6 (18), 1889 in a lawyer's family. His higher philosophical-psychological education he got in Germany - at Marburg, Freiburg and Berlin universities. His first philosophy teachers were G.Kogen and P.Natorp. In 1913 they were the reviewers at his defense of a dissertation for the degree of Ph.D. in Marburg. In 1914 part of this dissertation was published in German in Marburg. On his return to Odessa in 1914 Rubinstein was a lecturer in philosophy, psychology and logic in gymnasiums (he couldn't teach in Russian universities as according to the rules of Russian empire a foreign certificate of higher education was juridical invalid within the country; this rule was abolished after October revolution 1917). After the revolution he was engaged in scientific and teaching activity at Novorossiysk (Odessa) university. In August of 1921 he was elected as a professor of the chair of psychology at the same university. At this post he took the place of one of the greatest pre revolutionary psychologist of Russia N.N.Lange who had died before it. In Odessa he also worked as a director of Scientific library. In 1930 Rubinstein moved to Leningrad where on the invitation of a famous Soviet psychologist M.Ya.Basov he became a head of the chair of psychology at Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (the Gertzen's institute). Here he wrote and published his first big monographs : (M., 1935) and M., 1940). When in June, 1941 Hitler's Germany assaulted the USSR Rubinstein displayed great civic courage by voluntary stay in besieged Leningrad as a pro-rector (in rector's absence) in order to organize work in the Pedagogical Institute in severe conditions of hostile blockade. During the first, the most hard, blockade winter of 1941/1942 he also worked on the future second edition of his basic . From autumn of 1942 till 1945 Rubinstaein is a director of the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (now the Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education). In October, 1942 he organized and became a head of the chair of psychology at Moscow State University (from 1943 it is the Branch of psychology MSU on the basis of which later A.N.Leontiev organized the department of psychology MSU in 1966).In 1943 being recommended by a great Russian scientist academician V.I.Vernadskiy Rubinstein was elected as a Corresponding Member of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AS USSR), and he became the first psychologist who represented psychological science in the higher scientific establishment of the USSR. In 1945 he was elected as an academician of Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. In 1945 Rubinstein organized and became a head of psychological laboratory -- the first one in AS USSR. It was the Sector of psychology in the Institute of Philosophy where he headed theoretical and experimental research work in the sphere of psychology of a personality, psychology of cognition and consciousness, genetic psychology and the history of psychology. In 1946 he published the second and considerably broadened edition of his . However, beginning with 1947 the situation changed greatly. Stalin started one more ideological campaign - and this time the struggle against (against anti-patriotism, admiration for anything foreign and etc.). In psychology as the main cosmopolitan was declared non-Party Jew Rubinstein: he was removed from all leading posts, he was deprived of any possibility to publish and he was kept out of scientific and teaching activity. His books were confiscated from owners and withdrawn from libraries, and so on. From 1950 he was also blamed for underestimate of I.P.Pavlov's physiological teaching as a natural scientific basis of psychology. But he overcame this undeserved blow of fate with fortitude, and during these hard years he was writing his new philosophical-psychological work which he was able to publish only in 1957. After Stalin's death (March 5, 1953) there were gradually rehabilitated living and deceased expellees of science who at different times were under the press of ideological terrorism: P.K.Anokhon, M.Ya.Basov, N.A.Bernstein, P.P.Blonskiy, L.S.Vygotskiy, L.A.Orbeli, S.L. Rubinstein, D.N.Uznadze and others. In May, 1956 Rubinstein restored and again became a head of Psychological Sector in the Institute of Philosophy AS USSR where on his initiative and under his leadership there were resumed: theoretical and experimental investigations of a personality, of thinking (and etc.), and besides the work on methodology, theory and history of psychology. He wrote and published his new books: (M., 1958),>The principles and the ways of development of psychology> (M., 1959), collected articles of his pupils and research workers (M., 1960) and other works. But on January 11, 1960 Rubinstein unexpectedly and suddenly died in the prime of his creative power and new scientific projects. His philosophical manuscript , on which he was working during his last years, was published posthumously (with cuts - at the request of censorship) in 1973.